Description
Ozone (O₃) is an unstable gas found in the atmosphere. It consists of three oxygen atoms and is therefore a strong oxidising agent. Medical ozone is generated via high-voltage oxygen conversion. Application methods range from local treatments to rectal insufflation, ozonated water, and autohaemotherapy.
Therapeutically it is mainly used for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Claims include treatment of diverse conditions such as cancer, infections, diabetes, and neurological or inflammatory diseases.
Efficacy
Few clinical trials exist on ozone therapy in cancer treatment; only one RCT published as full-text in English is available as well as a further 7 small controlled studies with only an English abstract available.
- Some small, limited studies suggest potential quality of life improvements and symptom relief (e.g., reduced pain, improved treatment tolerance; reduced lymphoedema).
- No survival benefit has been demonstrated; evidence is inconsistent and limited in methodological quality.
- Most studies suffer from small sample sizes, lack of randomization, and insufficient reporting.
Safety
Safety depends on administration route, dose and protocol. Inhalation can cause respiratory problems. Direct intravenous injections have been associated with significant risks and are not recommended.
Description
Ozone (O₃) is a colourless gas which is denser, and more water-soluble than oxygen. It is less stable due to its three-atom cyclic structure, compared to the two-atom O₂ (Bocci 2006). As a strong oxidising agent, ozone can produce respiratory toxins (Bocci 2006; US EPA 2020). Naturally formed via UV light or lightning, medical ozone is generated by passing oxygen through a high-voltage field, producing a mix of oxygen and ozone (Bocci 2006). It differs from hyperbaric or conventional oxygen therapy (see Application and Dosage).
Alleged indications
Ozone therapy is used for various conditions, including disc herniation, dental caries, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, wounds, infections, AIDS, Parkinson’s disease, rheumatic disorders, macular degeneration, and cancer. It is also used for disinfection (Elvis 2011; MSO 2020b). In the context of cancer, claimed benefits include immune modulation, pathogen and cancer cell destruction (Cassileth 2009; MSO 2025).
Application and dosage
Ozone therapy is applied locally or via nasal, oral, rectal, vaginal, or skin routes (NMD 2024). Ozonated water or gaseous forms of ozone are used for dental treatment (Burke 2012), and ozone saunas or “bagging” expose the body (excluding the head) to ozone. Ozonated drinking water is also marketed (Burke 2012).
In cancer treatment, ozone autohaemotherapy, ozone-treated blood reinfusion, is common (Cassileth 2009), though direct intravenous use has led to fatal complications (Bocci 2006). Rectal insufflation is used for radiotherapy-related proctitis (MSO 2025).
No standard dose exists (NMD 2024). Guidelines by a German ozone society lack transparent evidence (MSO 2020b). A global consensus document is produced by ISCO3, “an independent scientific medical body from national and international associations or federations of ozone therapy” (ISCO3 2025): the Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy provides recommendations for healthcare professionals.
Mechanisms of action
Ozone’s effects are attributed to controlled oxidative stress, which may activate protective antioxidant pathways. While high oxidative stress causes inflammation, moderate levels induce antioxidant enzyme production, potentially reversing chronic oxidative stress (Viebahn 2016).
The proposed mechanisms for ozone therapy in cancer based on pre-clinical in vitro/in vivo studies include (Li 2024):
- Induction of controlled oxidative stress causing damage and apoptosis in tumour cells as well as activating protective antioxidant pathways (Sagai 2011; Kuroda 2015; Yıldırım 2022; Sweet 1980).
- Improving tumour oxygenation and microcirculation, reducing hypoxia and factors like angiogenesis or inflammation (Li 2024; Emon 2021).
- Enhancing effects of chemotherapy in vitro, increased efficacy of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil in a dose and time-dependent manner (Simonetti 2017; Karagülle 2023, Karagülle 1992; Yıldırım 2022); and of radiotherapy in vivo (Guo 2024)
- Stimulate immune responses (e.g., cytokine release, activation of NK cells, T cells, and macrophages). (Diaz Luis 2015).
Legal issues
Ozone therapy is available in many countries but no EU country has approved it as a cancer treatment. (EMA 2018) Ozone therapy regulation varies across Europe; for example Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany regulate it at least partially. In Germany, it is allowed under "freedom of therapy" but not reimbursed. Other EU countries lack specific regulations (Ozon Society 2024).
Description of studies
- Only one randomized controlled (RCT) trial published in full in English is available, assessing the effects of ozone therapy on breast cancer–related lymphoedema (Waked 2013).
- All other controlled trials (n=7) are only available as an abstract in English, which does not allow a full assessment.
- Most of the literature relates to in vitro or animal studies and case reports. (Baeza-Noci 2021; Clavo 2019; Clavo 2018; Megele 2018).
Limitations of studies
- Few controlled clinical trials are available.
- Most have small sample sizes, non-randomized designs, and poor reporting.
Results for efficacy
The full details of the trials are presented in table 1. Their main findings are:
- Survival benefit has not been demonstrated in one non-randomized controlled trial (Clavo 2004a).
- Quality of life improvements reported in four small studies with limited methodological detail (He 20015; Chu 2013; Borrelli 2012; Menendez 2008).
- Single controlled trials for treatment-related outcomes reported:
- Reduced pain from mucositis, but not mucositis grade (Bardellini 2021).
- Improved treatment tolerance (Menendez 2008).
- Reduced chemoradiation toxicities (Rodionova 2020/2021)
- Reduced breast cancer–related lymphoedema (Waked 2013).
- Safety depends on administration route, dose, and protocol.
- Inhalation can cause respiratory problems.
- Direct intravenous injections have been associated with significant risks and are not recommended.
Adverse events
Common mild and transient adverse events
- Fatigue or malaise
- Headache
- Nausea or abdominal discomfort (especially with rectal insufflation)
- Transient flu-like symptoms
- Local irritation at injection or insufflation site
- Dizziness or light-headedness
(Bocci 2010; Jeyaraman 2024; NMD 2025)
These effects are often interpreted as part of the body’s adaptive response to oxidative stress and immune modulation.
Rare and severe adverse events
Rare severe adverse events have been reported but causality is often unclear.
- Ischaemic stroke after intradiscal/periganglionic injection (Corea 2004)
- Pulmonary embolism and death after intravenous infusion (Bocci 2006) or intradiscal injection (Chirchiglia 2019)
- Vasogenic oedema and encephalopathy syndrome, full recovery, after cervical injection (Nociti 2020)
- Septic shock, fatal, after injection (Gazzeri 2007)
- Inhalation: Anton syndrome (Avci 2014; NMD 2025)
Contraindications
Evidence is limited and sometimes contradictory.
- Pregnancy & lactation: Mixed data; some risk signals (gestational hypertension) (Cheng 2023); no comprehensive safety data.
- Children: Limited data; no AEs reported in dental or rectal insufflation studies (Veneri 2024; Arenas 2019).
- G6PD deficiency: Increased activity reported; hypothesized risk of oxidative lung injury (Sagai 2011; Fois 2021).
- Preclinical/hypothesized risks:
- Hyperthyroidism: Increased ozone-induced lung toxicity (Huffman 2001)
- Leukaemia: Hypothesized, but limited data suggest opposite (Costanzo 2020)
- Bleeding: Mixed findings in humans and animals (Biedunkiewicz 2006; Niu 2022; Martinez 2010)
- HIV: Hypothesized risk, but reported immune boosting (Cespedes 2019)
Interactions
No known interactions. Potential theoretical interactions include:
- CYP enzymes: Possible modulation; unclear clinical relevance (Delaunois 1999; Paige 2000; Afaq 2009)
- P-glycoprotein: Hypothesized modulation; unknown risk (Shchulkin 2024)
- Oxidant chemotherapy: In vitro synergism; risk of overdosage unknown
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): Variable immune response; unknown risk (Jakab 1995)
- Monoclonal antibodies: Possible increased airway inflammation (Zhang 2019)
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Citation
CAM Cancer Consortium. Ozone therapy, http://cam-cancer.org/en/ozone-therapy. November 2025.
Document history
Updated in August 2025 by Lisa Dal Pozzo and the CAM Cancer Collaboration. Updated in August 2020, December 2018, June 2017 by Karen Pilkington. Assessed as up to date by Barbara Wider in September 2013. Summary first published in October 2012, authored by Karen Pilkington.
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